One of the many contributions of the Second Vatican Council was its insistence that saints are not to be regarded primarily as miracle-workers and intercessors, but as examples or models of Christian discipleship and ministry.
The church's liturgical calendar for this week and next includes the feast days of two such exemplary saints who have been, for centuries, extraordinary models of episcopal ministry.
On November 4 the church celebrated the feast of St. Charles Borromeo, who inspired one of its greatest popes, John XXIII. John deliberately scheduled his papal coronation on Borromeo's feast day in 1958.
He chose well. Charles Borromeo (1538-84) has long been regarded as one of the most important bishops in the entire history of the church and one of the outstanding figures of the Catholic Reformation of the 16th century.
Born into a life of privilege and connections to power, his uncle became Pope Pius IV in 1559 and in the following year appointed his young nephew (then only 22 years of age), as administrator of the diocese of Milan and a cardinal. (Charles was not yet a priest, much less a bishop.) He was also named papal secretary, which required residence in Rome.
Borromeo strongly supported his uncle's decision in 1562 to reopen the Council of Trent, which had been suspended during the previous ten years. He became an active participant in the council, drafting its catechism and contributing to various other reforms.
The death of Charles' older brother in that same year had a profound effect on him. He resolved to live a holier life. The next year he was ordained a priest and two months later was consecrated a bishop, at age 25.
Borromeo was named papal legate for all of Italy and convened a provincial council at Milan, which promulgated the reforms of the Council of Trent. After his uncle, Pius IV, died in 1565, Charles obtained permission from the new pope, Pius V, to reside in his diocese. He became the first resident archbishop of Milan in 80 years.
Charles embraced a simple lifestyle, giving away much of his personal wealth and diocesan revenues to the poor. He also convened councils and synods, made regular visits to parishes, reorganized the diocesan administration, established seminaries, enforced standards of morality for his clergy, and founded a confraternity to teach Christian doctrine to children.
His reforms, in fact, were so serious and far-reaching that some disgruntled members of a lay movement, the Humiliati, whose wings had been clipped because it was no longer faithful to its original mission to serve the poor, hired someone to assassinate him. Charles was slightly wounded, but survived.
In 1570 and again in 1576 he organized and took a personal role in feeding thousands of people during a famine and nursing many others during a subsequent plague. Such activities eventually wore him down. He died in Milan on November 4, 1584, at age 46.
On November 10 the church celebrates the feast of another great bishop, this one the bishop of Rome, Leo the Great (pope from 440 until his death in 461).
Like Charles Borromeo, Leo was well connected in his early life, serving as adviser to two popes, Celestine I (422-32) and Sixtus III (432-40). He was elected to succeed Sixtus while still only a deacon and while away from Rome on a diplomatic mission in Gaul (modern-day France).
Leo was a strong advocate of papal authority, insisting on the pope's status as Peter's heir in terms of rights and duties. But he was not interested in power for its own sake. He used his authority to root out abuses in the church, to resolve disputes, to insure unity in pastoral practices, and to help clarify the church's teaching about the divinity and humanity of Jesus Christ.
When another bishop, Hilary of Arles, presumed to exercise authority over neighboring dioceses, Leo ordered Hilary to confine his pastoral activities to his own diocese. Bishops, Leo insisted, were to be elected by their own clergy and leading laity, and their election was to be ratified by the rest of the diocesan community, without interference even from Rome.
Leo's electoral principle is still quoted, but unfortunately the church has not observed it for centuries: "He who is in charge of all should be chosen by all."
Leo is more famously celebrated for his courageous face-to-face confrontation with Attila the Hun in 452, when Attila was devastating northern Italy and preparing to move south toward Rome. Heading a delegation from the Roman Senate, the pope persuaded Attila to spare the city.
Borromeo and Leo remain compelling models of episcopal ministry even today. Father Richard P. McBrien is the Crowley-O'Brien Professor of Theology at the University of Notre Dame.
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