In a written message, Russian Orthodox Patriarch Alexy II thanked Pope John Paul II for returning a Marian icon and said the gift was "a step in the right direction" toward resolving Catholic-Orthodox tensions.
"I wholeheartedly thank you," the patriarch wrote to the pope after a Vatican delegation returned the icon of the Mother of God of Kazan during an Aug. 28 liturgy in Moscow.
The text of Patriarch Alexy's letter to the pope was released Aug. 31 by the Vatican.
The patriarch told the pope that the Moscow cathedral where the service took place was "overcrowded with the faithful who came on this sacred day to lift up their prayers to the Most Holy 'Theotokos,' (Mother of God)."
The icon, an 18th-century copy of a 16th-century image of Mary and the child Jesus, was taken out of Russia in the early 1900s. A Catholic group in the United States bought it in 1970 and gave it to the pope in 1993.
Patriarch Alexy said the Russian Orthodox saw the pope's gift "as both an act of the restoration of justice" in returning a Russian icon to its home country and as "an act of good will on the part of Your Holiness."
"I believe that your decision to hand over the icon points to the sincere desire to overcome the difficulties existing in relations between our two churches," the patriarch wrote the pope.
Tensions between the Russian Orthodox and Catholic churches have flared several times since the breakup of the Soviet Union. The re-establishment of Catholic communities, the appointment of Catholic bishops and the re-emergence of the Eastern-rite Catholic Church in Ukraine have all led to Russian Orthodox claims that Catholics are trying to entice the traditionally Orthodox people of the region to become Catholic.
Patriarch Alexy told the pope that Catholic and Orthodox veneration of the Mother of God "brings us back to the times of the early church when there were no divisions between East and West (which are) so visible, regretfully, in our days."
The patriarch affirmed his church's willingness to develop better relations with the Catholic Church.
"We see in the transfer of the Kazan icon a step in the right direction in the belief that in the future everything that is possible will be done to settle certain problems standing between our churches," he said.
Following the Aug. 28 liturgy in Assumption Cathedral on the grounds of the Kremlin, the icon was placed on a pedestal to the right of the altar in the legendary gray limestone church, where Patriarch Alexy marked the feast of the Dormition of Mary, the Byzantine equivalent of Mary's assumption into heaven.
"This sacred image traveled a long and difficult path across many countries and cities of the world. Catholics and Christians of other confessions prayed before it," the patriarch told several hundred Orthodox faithful.
For more than a decade the icon --- which was spirited out of the country following the Bolshevik Revolution --- hung over the desk of the pope, who had hoped to deliver it personally, but Patriarch Alexy has resisted such a visit.
Instead some 5,000 people gathered Aug. 25 in the Vatican's audience hall to see off the 12-inch-by-10-inch relic, which was delivered in a special wooden case, sealed with wax, by a Vatican delegation headed by Cardinal Walter Kasper, president of the Pontifical Council for Promoting Christian Unity. Cardinal Theodore E. McCarrick of Washington also was part of the delegation.
The patriarch said that the homage to the Blessed Virgin Mary in both churches "reminds us of ancient times and undivided churches." He added during the three-hour ceremony that he hoped that the overture by the pope "attests to the firm wish of the leadership of the Vatican to return to sincere relations of mutual respect between our churches --- relations that would be devoid of hostile rivalry, but would fulfill the wishes to help each other in brotherhood."
Since the early 1990s Russian Orthodox leaders have accused the Vatican of proselytizing in Russia and failing to stop what they characterize as discrimination against Orthodoxy by Byzantine Catholics in Western Ukraine. Both issues will need to be addressed before the first Slavic pope in history can set foot in the most important Slavic country in the world, said Father Vsevolod Chaplin, Russian Orthodox spokesman.
The daily newspaper Moskovsky Komsomolets published material about the transfer of the icon Aug. 28 under the headline "Today Demons Leave Russia" and linked the disappearance of the icon with the troubles brought on by the 1917 revolution.
Still, the return of the icon, venerated for years by Catholics as well as Orthodox, has received relatively little attention in Russia. The Russian Orthodox Church appeared to play down the event as much as the Vatican tried to play it up; the return of the icon was not mentioned on the church's official Web site, www.mospat.ru, until Aug. 28, several hours after the ceremony.
Patriarch Alexy placed the return of the icon in the following context in an interview with Itar-Tass, a Russian news agency: "Over the past decade we have observed the return to the motherland of many icons and church plates that were lost in the country during the years of repression against the Russian Orthodox Church, and this copy is one among them."
"Still, we hope that the matter isn't limited to the transfer of the icon, that this act will be followed by others, and that our relationship will improve," the patriarch said.
The Mother of God of Kazan is one of the most revered --- and most copied --- icons in Russian Orthodoxy. According to legend, when a fire almost completely destroyed the city of Kazan in 1579, the Blessed Virgin Mary appeared to a young girl and told her to dig in the ashes of her burned home; the girl found the icon, and it became one of the most revered Russian images of Mary. It has been credited with working many miracles, including the repulsion of an invasion by Poles in the 17th century, and was said to be cherished by Peter the Great.
The original, which, like the copies, shows the faces of Mary and an infant Jesus beneath a gilded silver cover inlaid with precious stones, vanished in 1904 from the Cathedral of Our Lady of Kazan in what is now St. Petersburg.
To this day the fate of the icon is disputed. Some believe it is being held in secret abroad, while others point to a police report indicating that it was burned by a thief in whose home were found valuable stones and, in the fireplace, the remains of an icon.
Patriarch Alexy said the icon from the Vatican will be housed in his private chapel.
"If a monastery were to be reconstructed on the site of the appearance of the miracle-working icon in Kazan --- where now, unfortunately, sits a tobacco factory --- then the (eventual) transfer of this icon to Kazan cannot be excluded," he said.
As far as a papal visit to Russia, "for now," the patriarch said, "that possibility does not present itself."
Father Igor Kovalevsky, secretary-general of the Russian bishops' conference, told radio station Ekho Moskvy that he hoped the return of the icon would at least bring Catholics and Orthodox closer together.
"Regardless of all our differences, which, over the course of centuries, have aggravated tensions between our confessions, we nevertheless believe in the same God and the same Jesus Christ," he said.
---CNS |